1921 in film
The following is an overview of 1921 in film, including significant events, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.
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1870s |
Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top eight films released in 1921 by U.S. gross are as follows:
Rank | Title | Studio | Box office gross rental |
---|---|---|---|
1 | The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse | Metro Pictures | $4,500,000[1] |
2 | The Kid | First National Pictures | $2,500,000[1] |
3 | The Three Musketeers | United Artists | $2,000,000[2] |
4 | The Sheik | Paramount Pictures | $1,500,000[1] |
5 | The Affairs of Anatol | $1,200,000[3] | |
6 | Orphans of the Storm | United Artists | $1,000,000[2] |
7 | Little Lord Fauntleroy | $900,000[4] | |
8 | School Days | Warner Bros. | $546,000[5] |
9 | Why Girls Leave Home | $410,000[5] | |
Events
- January 21 – The silent comedy drama The Kid, written by, produced by, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin (in his Tramp character) – his first full-length film as a director – and featuring Jackie Coogan, is released in the United States. It is the year's second-highest-grossing film.
- March 6 – The silent epic war film The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, adapted for the screen by June Mathis, is released in the United States. It is the year's highest-grossing film (and the sixth-best-grossing silent film of all time), propels Rudolph Valentino to stardom and inspires a tango craze and a fashion for gaucho pants.
- August 29 – Broadway's first $1 million theatre, Loew's State opens.
- September 5 – Popular comedian Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle attends a party at the St. Francis Hotel, San Francisco, during which actress Virginia Rappe is fatally injured; although he is eventually acquitted of rape and manslaughter, the scandal derails his career.
- October 21 – George Melford's silent film The Sheik, which enhances leading actor Rudolph Valentino's international reputation as a Latin lover, is premiered in Los Angeles. Within the first year of its release, it exceeds $1 million in ticket sales.
- October 26 – The Chicago Theatre, which will be the oldest surviving French-style Baroque Revival grand movie palace, opens.
- The experimental short documentary film Manhatta is shot by painter Charles Sheeler and photographer Paul Strand in New York City.
Notable films released in 1921
United States unless stated.
A
- The Ace of Hearts, directed by Wallace Worsley, starring Lon Chaney and Leatrice Joy
- A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, directed by Emmett J. Flynn
- Action, directed by John Ford, starring Hoot Gibson
- The Adventures of Mr. Pickwick, directed by Thomas Bentley, starring Frederick Volpe (GB)
- The Adventures of Tarzan, directed by Robert F. Hill and Scott Sidney, starring Elmo Lincoln
- The Affairs of Anatol, directed by Cecil B. DeMille; starring Gloria Swanson and Wallace Reid
- After Midnight, directed by Ralph Ince
- After Your Own Heart, directed by George Marshall, starring Tom Mix
- All Souls' Eve, directed by Chester Franklin, starring Jack Holt and Mary Miles Minter, based on the stage play by Anne Crawford Flexner (lost film)[6]
- Among Those Present, starring Harold Lloyd
- L'Atlantide (aka Missing Husbands, Queen of Atlantis) (French), directed by Jacques Feyder, starring Jean Angelo, George Melchior and Stacia Napierkowska; based on the 1919 novel by Pierre Benoit (France)[7]
B
- Bakemono Yashiki/ The Haunted House (Japanese) Nikkatsu Films
- Die Bergkatze (The Wild Cat), directed by Ernst Lubitsch, starring Victor Janson (Germany)
- The Bigamist, starring Guy Newall, Ivy Duke (GB)
- The Blot, directed by Lois Weber; starring Claire Windsor
- The Boat, a Buster Keaton short
- The Bonnie Brier Bush, directed by and starring Donald Crisp (GB)
- Botan doro/ The Peony Lantern (Japanese) ghost story directed by Kaname Mori for Shochiku Films
- Brewster's Millions, directed by Joseph Henabery, starring Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle
- Brownie's Little Venus, starring Baby Peggy
- Bullets or Ballots, the film debut of Mary Astor
- Buried Treasure, directed by George D. Baker; starring Marion Davies and Norman Kerry
C
- The Call of Youth, starring Mary Glynne
- Camille, starring Alla Nazimova, Rudolph Valentino, Rex Cherryman and Patsy Ruth Miller
- The Case of Becky, directed by Chester M. Franklin, starring Constance Binney, Glenn Hunter and Montagu Love, based on the stage play by Edward Locke[8]
- The Conquering Power, directed by Rex Ingram; starring Rudolph Valentino and Alice Terry
D
- Death aka Gevatter Tod/ Godfather Death (Austrian) directed by Heinz Hanus, starring Armin Seydelmann and Erika Wagner, based on an 1884 short story Der Pate des Todes by Rudolf Baumbach[9]
- Desire (Sehnsucht), directed by F.W. Murnau, starring Conrad Veidt (Germany)
- Destiny (Der müde Tod/ The Weary Death), directed by Fritz Lang, written by Thea Von Harbou, starring Lil Dagover, Rudolf Klein-Rogge and Walter Janssen (Germany)
- The Devil, directed by James Young, based on Ferenc Molnár's Az Ordog, starring George Arliss, Florence Arliss and Sylvia Breamer [10]
- Disraeli directed by Henry Kolker, starring George Arliss
- The Dollar-a-Year Man, directed by James Cruze, starring Roscoe Arbuckle[11]
- Dracula's Death (aka Drakula halála) (Austrian/ Hungarian) directed by Károly Lajthay, co-written with Michael Curtiz, starring Paul Askonas and Lena Myl; a loosely based, unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula [12]
E
- El Capullo Marchito, directed by Jose Nepomuceno – Philippines
- El Dorado, directed by Marcel L'Herbier, starring Ève Francis and Jaque Catelain (France)
- Enchantment, directed by Robert G. Vignola; starring Marion Davies and Forrest Stanley
- Experience, directed by George Fitzmaurice; starring Richard Barthelmess and Lilyan Tashman
F
- Faust, directed by Frederick A. Todd[11]
- The Fire Eater, directed by B. Reeves Eason, starring Hoot Gibson
- Fool's Paradise, directed by Cecil B. DeMille; starring Conrad Nagel, Mildred Harris, Theodore Kosloff and Baby Peggy
- Forever, directed by George Fitzmaurice, starring Wallace Reid and Elsie Ferguson
- The Four Feathers, directed by René Plaissetty (GB)
- The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, directed by Rex Ingram; starring Rudolph Valentino
G
- Get-Rich-Quick Peggy, starring Baby Peggy
- Gevatter Tod (aka Death) directed by Heinz Hanus (Austria)[11]
- The Goat, a Buster Keaton short
- The Ghost in the Garret, directed by F. Richard Jones, starring Dorothy Gish[11]
- The Golem's Last Adventure (Der Golem's Letzte Abenteur) (Austrian), directed by Julius Szomogyl as a spoof on the 1920 Paul Wegener film Der Golem
- Golfing, starring Baby Peggy
- The Gunsaulus Mystery, directed by Oscar Micheaux, starring Evelyn Preer
H
- Hail the Woman, directed by John Griffith Wray, starring Florence Vidor
- The Haunted Castle/ Schloss Vogeloed (German) directed by F. W. Murnau, produced by Erich Pommer, starring Arnold Korff and Lothar Mehnert, based on the Rudolf Stratz novel (Germany)
- The Haunted House, a Buster Keaton short
- The High Sign, directed by Edward F. Cline and Buster Keaton
- His Brother's Keeper, directed by Wilfred North, starring Albert L. Barrett and Martha Mansfield; plot involves hypnotism and thought transference[13]
- The Hound of the Baskervilles (British), directed by Maurice Elvey, starring Eille Norwood (who played Sherlock Holmes in 47 silent films), Catina Campbell and Hubert Willis[14][15]
- Humor Risk, was to be the Marx Brothers' debut, but it was never released
I
- The Idle Class, a Charles Chaplin short
- The Indian Tomb (Das Indische Grabmal) (German), directed by Joe May, starring Conrad Veidt (Germany)
- Island of the Lost/ Die Insel der Verschollenen (German) directed by Urban Gad, starring Erich Kaiser-Titz, Hannie Wiese and Alf Blutecher; an unauthorized adaptation of the 1896 H.G. Wells novel The Island of Dr. Moreau (a print exists in Germany)[16]
J
- Jane Eyre, written and directed by Hugo Ballin, starring Norman Trevor, Mabel Ballin and Emily Fitzroy; basedon the 1847 novel by Charlotte Bronte
- Jánošík, starring Theodor Pištek (Czechoslovakia)
- Jim the Penman, directed by Kenneth Webb, starring Lionel Barrymore
- Journey into the Night (Der Gang in die Nacht), directed by F.W. Murnau (Germany)
K
- The Kid, directed by & starring Charlie Chaplin with Edna Purviance and Jackie Coogan
L
- Land of My Fathers directed by Fred Rains and starring John Stuart and Yvonne Thomas (GB)
- Leaves from Satan's Book (Blade af Satans bog) (Swedish), directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer, starring Heige Nissen and Halvard Hoff (Sweden)
- Little Lord Fauntleroy, directed by Alfred E. Green and Jack Pickford, starring Mary Pickford
- Lord Arthur Saville's Crime (France) directed by Rene Hervil, starring Monique Chryses and Andre Bubosc, based on the 1891 story by Oscar Wilde[17]
- Lord Saviles Brott (Danish/ Swedish) directed by Gunnar Klintberg, starring Carl Alstrup and Ernst Eklund; yet another adaptation of the 1891 Oscar Wilde story Lord Arthur Saville's Crime; this film was actually shot in 1919 but only released in 1921[18]
- The Lost Shadow/ Der Verlorene Schatten (German), directed by Rochus Gliese, written by Paul Wegener, photographed by Karl Freund, starring Paul Wegener, Hannes Sturm and Lyda Salmonova; inspired by the legend of Nicolo Paganini[19]
- The Lotus Eater, directed by Marshall Neilan, starring John Barrymore and Colleen Moore
- The Love Light, directed by Frances Marion, starring Mary Pickford
- Lucky Carson, directed by Wilfrid North, starring Earle Williams and Betty Ross Clarke
- The Lucky Dog, starring Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy
M
- The Man From Beyond, directed by Burton King, starring Harry Houdini and Nita Naldi[19]
- The Man Who Laughs (Austrian/ German), directed by Julius Herzka, starring Franz Hobling, Nora Gregor and Lucienne Delacroix; a silent adaptation of the 1869 novel by Victor Hugo [19]
- The Man Who Sold His Soul to the Devil (French) directed by Pierre Caron, starring Charles Dullin and Jean-David Evremond; this film wasn't shown in the U.S. until 1926
- Mathias Sandorf, directed by Henri Fescourt, starring Romuald Joubé, Yvette Andréyor (France)
- The Mechanical Man (L'uomo meccanico) (Italian), directed by Andre Deed, starring Deed, Giulia Costa and Valentina Frascaroli; a print exists that is missing more than half the film's running time (Italy)
- A Message From Mars, directed by Maxwell Karger,starring Burt Lytell [19]
- A Midnight Bell, a comedic horror film directed by Albert Ray, starring Charles Ray and Donald MacDonald, based on the play by Charles Hale Hoyt; plot involves a haunted church[19][20]
- Miss Lulu Bett, directed by William C. deMille, starring Lois Wilson and Milton Sills
- A Muddy Bride, starring Baby Peggy
N
- Nabeshima Neko Sodo (Japanese) a ghost-cat film directed by Kaname Mori for Nikkatsu Films, based on the 1853 Kabuki play "Hana Saga Neko Mata Zoshi" by Joko Segawa III
- Never Weaken, a Harold Lloyd short
- The Nut, directed by Theodore Reed, starring Douglas Fairbanks and Marguerite De La Motte
O
- The Offenders, directed by Fenwick L. Holmes, starring Margery Wilson
- On with the Show, starring Baby Peggy
- Orphans of the Storm, directed by D.W. Griffith; starring Lillian Gish and Dorothy Gish
- The Other Person (British-Dutch co-production), directed by B. E. Doxat-Pratt and Maurits Binger, starring Zoe Palmer, Adelqui Migliar and Arthur Pusey, based on the 1920 novel by Fergus Hume (the writer who inspired Arthur Conan Doyle to create Sherlock Holmes)[21]
P
- The Painting of Osvaldo Mars (Italian), directed by Guido Brignone, starring Mercedes Brignone and Domenico Serra
- Pan Twardowski (Polish) directed by Wiktor Bieganski, starring Bronislaw Oranowski and Wanda Jarszewska, based on the Polish folktale of a 16th century occultist who sold his soul to the Devil[22]
- The Passion Flower, starring Norma Talmadge
- Peck's Bad Boy, directed by Sam Wood, starring Jackie Coogan
- The Phantom Carriage (Körkarlen) - See under 1920 films (Sweden)
- The Playhouse, a Buster Keaton short
- The Price of Silence, directed by F. L. Granville
Q
- The Queen of Sheba, directed by J. Gordon Edwards, starring Betty Blythe
- Queen of Spades, directed by Paul Fejos (Hungary)
R
- The Resident Patient, directed by Maurice Elvey, starring Eille Morwood, based on an Arthur Conan Doyle story (British)[23]
S
- Saga Neko Sodo (Japanese) produced for Nikkatsu Films, yet another adaptation of the 1853 Kabuki play "Hana Saga Neko Mata Zoshi" by Joko Segawa III, based on the legend of the Ghost Cat of Naoshige Nabeshima and the battle of Saga Castle[24]
- A Sailor-Made Man, directed by Fred C. Newmeyer, starring Harold Lloyd
- Satan in Sofia (Bulgarian) directed by Vassil Gendov, starring Gendov, Zhana Gendova and Ivan Popov; an unauthorized remake of Richard Oswald's classic 1920 German film Kurfurstendamm
- Sentimental Tommy, directed by George Fitzmaurice; starring Gareth Hughes
- Seven Years Bad Luck, directed by and starring Max Linder
- The Sheik, directed by George Melford, starring Rudolph Valentino and Agnes Ayres
- The Silver Lining, directed by Roland West, starring Coit Albertson and Jewel Carmen
- The Sky Pilot, directed by King Vidor
- Soul of the Cypress, a short American film directed by Dudley Murphy which starred his wife Chase Harringdine as a water spirit who lures men to their deaths[25]
- A Spectre Haunts Europe (Russian), directed by Vladimir R. Gardin, based on an Edgar Allan Poe story [23]
- Squibs (British) directed by George Pearson and starring Betty Balfour (GB)
- Sybil (British) directed by Jack Denton, starring Evelyn Brent (GB)
T
- Third Class Male, starring Baby Peggy
- The Three Musketeers, directed by Fred Niblo, starring Douglas Fairbanks
- Through the Back Door, directed by Alfred E. Green and Jack Pickford, starring Mary Pickford
- Tol'able David directed by Henry King; starring Richard Barthelmess
- Torgus, the Coffin Maker (German) directed by Hanns Kobe, written by Carl Mayer, photographed by Karl Freund, starring Gerd Fricke and Eugen Klopfer; an incomplete print is said to exist[26]
- Les Trois Mousquetaires (The Three Musketeers), directed by Henri Diamant-Berger (France)
W
- Whispering Shadows, directed by Emile Chautard, starring Lucy Cotton, Charles A. Stevenson and Robert Barrat; plot involves a seance and a warning from beyond the grave
- White and Unmarried
- The Witching Hour, directed by William Desmond Taylor for Paramount Pictures, starring Elliott Dexter, Winter Hall and Ruth Renick; adapted from the 1907 stage play by Augustus Thomas; a complete print exists[27][28]
- Woman's Place, directed by Victor Fleming, starring Constance Talmadge
- The Wonderful Thing, starring Norma Talmadge
Y
- The Yellow Face (British) an entry in the British Adventures of Sherlock Holmes film series directed by William J. Elliott, starring Eille Norwood as Sherlock Holmes [27]
- Yotsuya Kaidan/ The Ghost of Yotsuya/ The Yotsuya Ghost Story (Japanese) directed by Yoshino Jiro for Kokkatsu Films, starring Shirogoro Sawamura; based on the 1825 Kabuki play by Tsuruya Nanboku IV, this is a story that has been filmed more times than any other Japanese horror story (the film was remade again in 1923)[29]
Comedy film series
- Harold Lloyd (1913–1938)
- Charlie Chaplin (1914–1940)
- Lupino Lane (1915–1939)
- Buster Keaton (1917–1944)
- Laurel and Hardy (1921–1945)
Animated short film series
- Aesop's Film Fables (1921–1934)
- Felix the Cat (1919–1936)
- Koko the Clown (1919–1963)
Births
- January 3 – John Russell, actor (died 1991)
- January 10 - George Robotham, American stuntman and actor (died 2007)
- January 11 - Kathleen Byron, English actress (died 2009)
- January 26 – Elisabeth Kirkby, British-born Australian actress, producer and director
- January 27 – Donna Reed, actress (died 1986)
- January 31
- Carol Channing, musical actress (died 2019)
- Mario Lanza, singer and actor (died 1959)
- February 1 – Peter Sallis, actor (died 2017)
- February 8 – Lana Turner, actress (died 1995)
- February 16 – Vera-Ellen, actress, dancer (died 1981)
- February 22 – Giulietta Masina, actress (died 1994)
- February 24 – Abe Vigoda, actor (died 2016)
- February 26 – Betty Hutton, actress (died 2007)
- March 3 – Diana Barrymore, actress (died 1960)
- March 4 – Joan Greenwood, actress (died 1987)
- March 10 – Charlotte Zucker, actress, mother of Jerry Zucker and David Zucker (died 2007)
- March 12 – Gordon MacRae, actor, singer (died 1986)
- March 23 – Geoffrey Chater, English actor (died 2021)
- March 25
- Nancy Kelly, actress (died 1995)
- Simone Signoret, actress (died 1985)
- March 26 – Julie Harris, costume designer (died 2015)
- March 28 – Dirk Bogarde, actor (died 1999)
- April 1 – Arieh Elias, Israeli actor (died 2015)
- April 3 – Jan Sterling, actress (died 2004)
- April 10 – Chuck Connors, actor (died 1992)
- April 16 – Peter Ustinov, actor (died 2004)
- April 23
- Janet Blair, actress (died 2007)
- Gerald Campion, English actor (died 2002)
- May 2 – Satyajit Ray, Indian filmmaker (died 1992)
- May 23 – Grigori Chukhrai, Ukrainian film director (died 2001)
- May 30 - Jamie Uys, South African film director (died 1996)
- May 31 – Alida Valli, actress (died 2006)
- June 8 – Alexis Smith, actress (died 1993)
- June 18 – Wesley Lau, actor (died 1984)
- June 19 – Louis Jourdan, actor (died 2015)
- June 21
- Judy Holliday, born Judith Tuvim, actress (died 1965)
- Jane Russell, actress (died 2011)
- July 3 – Susan Peters, actress (died 1952)
- July 5 – Patricia Wright, American former actress
- July 6 – Nancy Reagan, born Anne Robbins, actress and First Lady of the United States (died 2016)
- July 17 – František Zvarík, Slovakian actor (died 2008)
- July 23 – Robert Brown, actor (died 2003)
- August 3 – Marilyn Maxwell, actress (died 1972)
- August 8 – Esther Williams, actress, swimmer (died 2013)
- August 19 – Gene Roddenberry, screenwriter and producer (died 1991)
- September 8 – Harry Secombe, actor, singer (died 2001)
- September 27 – Miklós Jancsó, Hungarian director (died 2014)
- September 30 – Deborah Kerr, actress (died 2007)
- October 13 – Yves Montand, singer, actor (died 1991)
- November 3 – Charles Bronson, actor (died 2003)
- November 5 – Moritz Yomtov, screenwriter (died 1992)
- November 8 – Walter Mirisch, American film producer
- November 14 - Brian Keith, American actor (died 1997)
- November 22 – Rodney Dangerfield, actor, comedian (died 2004)
- November 23 – Fred Buscaglione, Italian actor and singer (died 1960)
- December 4 – Deanna Durbin, actress (died 2013)
- December 24 – Liz Smith, English character actress (died 2016)
- December 26 – Steve Allen, actor, composer, comedian, author (died 2000)
Deaths
- February 8 – George Formby Sr, 45, British music hall entertainer who appeared in one film (pulmonary tuberculosis)[30]
- May 17 – Karl Mantzius, 61, Danish actor, theatre director, writer
- June 5 – Georges Feydeau, 58, French playwright, many of whose plays were adapted for the screen (syphilis)[31]
- June 11 - Frank R. Mills, 50, American stage and screen actor
- June 20 – George Loane Tucker, 49, American actor, screenwriter and director
- July 9 – Robert Broderick, 56, American stage and film actor
- September 9 – Virginia Rappe, 26, American actress
- September 17 – Van Dyke Brooke, 62, American actor, screenwriter and film director
Film debuts
- Richard Arlen
- George Arliss
- Billie Dove
- Basil Rathbone
- Carole Lombard in A Perfect Crime (1921)
- Fredric March
References
- "The All Time Best Sellers". International Motion Picture Almanac 1937–38. Quigley Publishing Company. p. 942. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
- "All-Time Film Rental Champs". Variety. October 15, 1990. p. M190.
- Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. p. 162. ISBN 978-08-13123-24-0.
- Fragias, Leonidas (2017). Annual US Top Film Rentals 1912 – 1979 (Kindle Edition). Leonidas Fragias.
- Warner Bros financial information in The William Shaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, (1995) 15:sup1, 1–31 p. 1 DOI: 10.1080/01439689508604551
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6. Page 124.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6. Page 125.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6. Page 126.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6. Page 127.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6. Page 128.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
- "Mrs George Formby's Own Story". The Sunday Post. Dundee. February 13, 1921. p. 16.
- Manuel A. Esteban (1983). Georges Feydeau. Twayne Publishers. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-8057-6551-9.
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