1906 in music
This is a list of notable events in music that took place in the year 1906.
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Specific locations
Events
- January 8 - Pianist Arthur Rubinstein plays Camille Saint-Saens' Piano concerto at his New York debut.[1]
- January 15 - Excerpts from Arthur Nevin's opera Poia are premiered in concert form by the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra.[2]
- January 17 - Felix Weingartner makes his Boston debut conducting the New York Symphony Orchestra in program that includes Symphonie fantastique by Hector Berlioz.[3]
- January 21 - Georges Enesco's Symphony No.1 in E-flat Major premieres in Paris. The work has three movements.[4]
- January 27 - Ernest Bloch's symphonic work Hiver-Printemps premieres in Geneva, the composer conducting.[5]
- January 27 - Russian pianist Josef Lhevinne makes his American debut with the Russian Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Vasily Safonov in New York.[6]
- February 6 - Karol Szymanowski's Concert Overture in E major (Uwertura koncertowa E-dur) premiered by Gregor Fitelberg in Warsaw.[7]
- February 18 - Vincent d'Indy's symphonic work Jour d'été à la montagne premieres at a Colonne concert in Paris.
- February – Abyssinia receives its première at the Majestic Theatre (Broadway), with a score co-written by Bert Williams, including premiere of Nobody.
- March 7 - Ernst von Dohnányi's Concerto for Cello and Orchestra premieres with Hugo Becker as soloist and the composer conducting Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra.[8]
- March 10 - Don Procopio, an opera buffa written by Georges Bizet, is premiered posthumously at the Theatre du Casino, Monte Carlo.The two-act opera, written during Bizet's students days, had not been discovered until 30 years later.[9]
- March 19 - The premiere of I quattro rusteghi (or Die Vier Grobiane), by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, takes place at the Hoftheater in Munich. The libretto, by Giuseppe Pizzolato, is based on a popular play of the same name by Carlo Goldoni.[10]
- March 27 - John Philip Sousa's comic opera The Free Lance receives its initial performance in Springfield, Massachusetts.[11]
- April 2 - Mayor Eugene Schmitz of San Francisco gives a lavish dinner party for the purpose of raising money to build a new opera house. Violinist Jan Kubelik is the guest of honor.
- April 8 - Vincenzo Tommasini's Medea premieres at the Teatro Verdi in Trieste. The libretto, written by the composer, is based on the Greek myth of Medea.[12]
- April 18 - A catastrophic earthquake hits San Francisco. Grand Opera house, where Enrico Caruso performed last night, is destroyed by fire. Costumes and scenery of twelve operas go up in smoke, resulting in a loss of $120,000.
- May 24 – Choral rhapsody for baritone solo, chorus and orchestraSea Drift, by Frederick Delius, is performed for the first time at the music festival in Essen, Germany.[13]
- May 27 – Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6 in A Minor receives its première in Essen, Germany.
- May 29 – Oxford University awards an honorary Doctor of Music degree to Edvard Grieg.[14]
- June 20 – Anton von Webern's doctoral dissertation is approved by his doctoral advisors at the Musicological Institute of the University of Vienna.
- July - The first console gramophone is released, known as Victrola, a horn-enclosed phonograph, manufactured by Victor.[15]
- August 23 – Norfolk Rhapsody No.1 in E Minor receives its first performance at a Promenade Concert in London. The work of Ralph Vaughan Williams, is based on Norfolk folk tunes.[16]
- October 15 – Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly receives its first American performance. The Henry W. Savage Opera Company performs the opera in Washington D.C.[17]
- October 31 - Jules Massenet's Ariane has its premiere at the Paris Opera. The libretto, by Catulle Mendes, is based on the Greek myth of Ariane.[18]
- October 27 – Enrique Granados's zarzuela Gaziel is produced in Barcelona.[19]
- November 11 - Strandrecht (The Wreckers), by Ethel Mary Smyth, premieres in Leipzig, at the Königliches Opernhause.[20]
- November 11 - Maskarade, a three-act opera by Carl Nielsen, receives its first performance in Copenhagen, the composer conducting.[21]
- November 16 - In what becomes known as "monkey-house scandal", Enrico Caruso is arrested by a New York City officer on a charge of making improper advances to a passer-by, Mrs.Hannah Stanhope. The police accused him of pinching the buttocks of a married woman. The scandal threatens to reduce sales at the Metropolitan Opera box office, where Caruso sings.
- November 26 - Geraldine Farrar makes here Metropolitan Opera debut as Juliette in Charles Gounod's Romeo et Juliette
- November 28 - Enrico Caruso sings Rodolfo in La Boheme, by Giacomo Puccini. This is his first appearance after having been arrested, convinced and fined for making improper advances to a woman in the Central Park. He virtually bring down the house and the "monkey-house scandal" is quickly forgotten nad Caruso's stature remains unaffected.[22]
- December 1 – The celebrated soprano Adelina Patti gives her farewell concert at the Albert Hall in London.[23]
- December 3 – Impresarion Oscar Hammerstein opens the Manhattan Opera House to compete with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. The first presentation is Vincenzo Bellini I Puritani.[24]
- December 8 – Moloch, an opera by Max von Schillings, receivces its first performance in Dresden.[25]
- December 9 – Richard Strauss' Salome receives its first Berlin performance. It stars Emmy Destinn and is so successful that, over next 27 years, it was performed 285 times in Berlin alone.[26]
- December 11 – The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra plays its first concert, the oldest continuously active professional orchestra in Australia.
- December 22 – Alexander Glazunov's Symphony No.8 in E-flat Major premieres in Saint Petersburg, the composer conducting. This four-movement symphony is his last.[27]
- December 27 – Matteo Falcone, a dramatic scene by Cesar Cui, is performed for the first time in Moscow. The operatic work is based on a novella by Prosper Merimee about Corsicans.[28]
- December 27 – Florent Schmitt's Psalm XLVII premieres at the a Paris concert of music by winners of the Prix de Rome.[29]
- December 29 – Jean Sibelius's symphonic tone poem Pohjola's Daughter premieres in Saint Petersburg, the composer conducting.[30]
- Amelita Galli-Curci makes her operatic debut at Trani, as Gilda in Verdi's Rigoletto.
- Approximate start of Yue opera.
- Last full-scale court performance of gambuh dance-drama with gamelan ensemble in Bali.[31]
- Vassily Safonov becomes then new music director of the New York Philharmonics Society, after a three-year period during which guest conductors led this orchestra.
Published popular music

"Frog Legs Rag" by James Scott.
- "Abraham Jefferson Washington Lee" Harry Von Tilzer
- "Ain't You Coming Back To Old New Hampshire, Molly?" w. Robert F. Roden m. J. Fred Helf
- "Alice, Where Art Thou Going?" Heelan, Gumble
- "All In Down And Out" w. Cecil Mack m. Chris Smith, Billy B. Smith & Elmer Bowman
- "Anchors Aweigh" w. Alfred Hart Miles & R. Lovell m. Charles A. Zimmerman
- "Andulko Safárova" Kmoch
- "Anxious" William Jerome, Jean Kendis, Paley
- "Are You Coming Out Tonight, Mary Ann?" w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer
- "Arrah Wanna" w. Jack Drislane m. Theodore F. Morse
- "At Dawning" w. Nelle Richmond Eberhart m. Charles Wakefield Cadman
- "Because You're You" w. Henry Blossom m. Victor Herbert
- "The Bee That Gets The Honey Doesn't Hang Around The Hive" w. Ed Rose m. J. Fred Helf
- "The Bird On Nellie's Hat" w. Arthur J. Lamb m. Alfred Solman
- "The Buffalo Rag" Tom Turpin
- "By The Side Of The Zuyder Zee" w. A. J. Mills m. Bennett Scott
- "Captain Baby Bunting Of The Rocking Horse Brigade" w. Ed Gardinier & Will D. Cobb m. J. Fred Helf
- "Cheyenne" w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne
- "Colleen Bawn" w. Edward Madden m. J. Fred Helf
- "College Life" w. Porter Emerson Browne m. Henry Frantzen
- "Come, Take A Skate With Me" w.m. Raymond Brown & Gus Edwards
- "Crocodile Isle" Morse
- "Dill Pickles Rag" m. Charles L. Johnson
- "Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do" w. William Cahill m. Benjamin Hapgood Burt
- "Don't You Think It's Time To Marry?" Edwards
- "Dreaming" w. L. W. Heiser m. J. Anton Dailey
- "Every Day Is Ladies' Day To Me" w. Henry Blossom m. Victor Herbert
- "The Free Lance March" m. John Philip Sousa
- "Frog Legs Rag" m. James Scott
- "The Galloping Major" w. Fred W. Leigh m. George Bastow
- "The Game Of Peek-a-Boo" Edwards
- "Girlie, I Love You" Morse
- "The Good Old USA" w. Jack Drislane m. Theodore F. Morse
- "The Grand Old Rag" (aka "You're a Grand Old Flag") w.m. George M. Cohan
- "He Walked Right In Turned Around And Walked Right Out Again" w. Edward Rose m. Maxwell Silver
- "Here's To Our Absent Brothers" w.m. J. Fred Helf
- "He's A Cousin Of Mine" w. Cecil Mack m. Chris Smith & Silvio Hein
- "Highland Birthday Party" w.m. Hector Grant
- "Holding Hands (You Don't Say Nothing At All)" w. Jack Norworth m. Albert Von Tilzer
- "Honora H. Doolin" Mills
- "I Don't Like Your Family" Howard
- "I Just Can't Make My Eyes Behave" w.m. Will D. Cobb & Gus Edwards
- "I Miss You In A Thousand Different Ways" w. Will D. Cobb m. Gus Edwards
- "I Never Saw Such Jealousy In My Life" w. Andrew B. Sterling m. Harry Von Tilzer
- "I Was Born In Virginia" w.m. George M. Cohan
- "Ida-Ho!" Von Tilzer
- "If Anybody Wants To Meet A Jonah Shake Hands With Me" w.m. Harry Hoyt
- "I'm Sorry" Von Tilzer
- "I'm Wise" w. Harry Williams m. Egbert van Alstyne
- "In Old New York" w. Henry Blossom m. Victor Herbert
- "Is It Warm Enough For You?" Paley
- "I've Said My Last Farewell" Sischer
- "Just One Word Of Consolation" w. Frank B. Williams m. Tom Lemonier
- "Keep on the Sunny Side" w. Jack Drislane m. Theodore F. Morse
- "Kiss, Kiss, Kiss (If You Want To Learn To Kiss)" w. Harry B. Smith m. Gertrude Hoffmann
- "Lassie, Dinna Sigh For Me" w.m. Hector Grant
- "A Lemon In The Garden Of Love" w. M. E. Rourke m. Richard Carle
- "Let Bygones Be Bygones And Let Us Be Sweethearts Again" w. Alex Rogers m. Bert Williams
- "Let It Alone" w. Alex Rogers m. Bert Williams
- "Let Me See You Smile" Fischer
- "The Little Chauffeur" Bowers
- "The Load That Father Carried" w. Frank Fogerty m. J. B. Mullen
- "Love Me And The World Is Mine" w. Dave Reed Jr m. Ernest R. Ball
- "Mississippi Sunflower" (characteristic march & two-step) m. Otto and John Heinzman
- "Moonbeams" w. Henry Blossom m. Victor Herbert
- "Moonlight Dance" m. Herman Finck
- "Mr Monkey" Edwards
- "My Mariuccia Take A Steamboat" w. George Ronklyn m. Al Piantadosi
- "National Emblem" m. E. E. Bagley
- "The Next Horse I Ride On" w.m. Fred Murray & George Everard
- "Not Because Your Hair Is Curly" w.m. Bob Adams
- "Nothing Like That In Our Family" Heelan, Furth
- "Pickles and peppers" Adaline Shepherd
- "Poor John" w. Fred W. Leigh m. Henry E. Pether
- "The Poor Old Man" w.m. Vincent Bryan
- "School Days" w. Will D. Cobb m. Gus Edwards
- "Since Father Went To Work" w.m. William Cahill
- "Some One Looks Good To Some One" Weaver
- "The Streets Of New York" w. Henry Blossom m. Victor Herbert from the musical The Red Mill
- "Sunbonnet Sue" w. Will D. Cobb m. Gus Edwards
- "Sweet Anastasia Brady" Schwartz
- "That's The Reason Noo I Wear A Kilt" w.m. A. B. Kendal & Harry Lauder
- "Waltz Me Around Again Willie" w. Will D. Cobb m. Ren Shields (From the musical "His Honor the Mayor")
- "We Parted On The Shore" w.m. Harry Lauder
- "We've Been Chums For Fifty Years" w.m. Thurland Chattaway
- "What a Mouth" w.m. R. P. Weston
- "What's The Use Of Dreaming?" w.m. Joseph E. Howard
- "What's The Use Of Loving If You Can't Love All The Time" w. Joseph Mittenthal m. Harry Armstrong
- "When Love Is Young In Springtime" w.m. Rida Johnson Young & Melville Ellis
- "When The Whip-poor-will Sings, Marguerite" w. C. M. Denison m. J. Fred Helf
- "When Tommy Atkins Marries Dolly Gray" w. Will D. Cobb m. Gus Edwards
- "When You Know You're Not Forgotten By The Girl You Can't Forget" w. Ed Gardinier m. J. Fred Helf
- "While The Old Mill Wheel Is Turning" w. Will D. Cobb m. Kerry Mills
- "Whistle It!" Blossom, Herbert
- "Wonderland" w.m. Thomas S. Allen
- "Won't You Come Over To My House" w. Harry H. Williams m. Egbert Van Alstyne
- "Wouldn't You Like To Flirt with Me?" Rogers
- "You Can Have Broadway" w.m. George M. Cohan from the musical George Washington, Junior
- "You Can't Give Your Heart To Somebody Else And Still Hold Hands With Me" Edwards
Recorded popular music
- "Stop Your Tickling Jock" – Harry Lauder
Classical music
- Frank Bridge –
- Three Idylls for String Quartet
- String Quartet No. 1 in E minor "Bologna"
- Grigoraş Dinicu – Hora staccato
- Ernő Dohnányi – String Quartet No. 2, Op. 15
- Edward Elgar – The Kingdom (oratorio)
- George Enescu –
- Charles Ives – Central Park in the Dark
- Gustav Mahler – Symphony No. 6 (3rd version)
- Carl Nielsen – String Quartet No. 4 in F major, Op. 44
- Sergei Rachmaninoff – Symphony No. 2 in E Minor
- Max Reger – Serenade in G for orchestra Op. 95
- Arnold Schoenberg – Chamber Symphony No. 1
- Josef Suk – Symphony No. 2 "Asrael"
- Sergei Taneyev – Piano Quartet in E major Op. 20
- Edgard Varèse – Un grand sommeil noir
- Anton Webern – Rondo for string quartet
- Leó Weiner
- Serenade for Small Orchestra, Op. 3
- String Quartet No.1, Op. 4
Opera
- Walter Braunfels – Falada
- Cesar Cui - Mateo Falcone
- Enrique Granados - Gaziel
- Jules Massenet – Ariane
- Carl Nielsen – Maskarade
- Sergei Rachmaninoff – Francesca Da Rimini
- Max von Schillings - Moloch
- Dame Ethel Smyth – The Wreckers
- John Philip Sousa - The Free Lance
- Richard Strauss - Salome
- Vincenzo Tommasini - Medea
- Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari – I quattro rusteghi
Ballet
- January 6 - Cinderella - another new production of the Empire Theater - premieres in London. It is a fairy ballet in five scenes, choreography by Fred Farren, music by Sidney Jones.[32]
- January 14 - The Debutante is produced at London's Empire Theater. The music by Cuthbert Clarke, the lead dancer Fred Farren.[33]
- January 28 - Radha - a modern dance work by Ruth Saint Denis - is performed for the first time at a private performance at the New York Theater. Music by Leo Delibes.[34]
- March 26 - Choreographer Ruth Saint Denis has two premieres: The Cobras (music by Leo Delibes) and The Incense (music by Harvey Worthington Loomis). Performed at the Hudson Theater in New York. [35]
- May 14 - The London public sees its first complete performance of Coppélia by Leo Delibes as Adeline Genee recreates her famous role at the Empire Theater.[36]
- August 6 - Fete Galante premieres at the Empire Theater, London. This ballet is an extended version of the first scene of Cinderella, produced at the same theater on January 6 of this year.
Musical theater
- About Town Broadway production
- Forty-Five Minutes From Broadway Broadway production
- The Free Lance Broadway production
- George Washington, Junior Broadway production opened at the Herald Square Theatre on February 12 and ran for 81 performances.
- The Glass-Blowers Broadway production
- His Honor the Mayor Broadway production
- A Parisian Model Broadway production
- The Little Cherub London production
- The Red Mill Broadway production
- Seeing New York Broadway production opened at the New York Roof Theatre on June 5 and ran for 75 performances
- The Spring Chicken Broadway production opened at Daly's Theatre on October 8 and transferred to the New Amsterdam Theatre on December 10 and ran for a total of 91 performances.
- The Vicar of Wakefield London production
Births
- January 1 – Giovanni D'Anzi, Italian songwriter (died 1974)
- January 4 – Frankie Newton, American trumpeter (died 1954)
- January 15 – Alessandro Cicognini, film composer (died 1995)
- January 21 – Gunnar Johansen, Danish composer and pianist (died 1991)
- January 21 – Igor Moiseyev, Russian dancer, choreographer and ballet director (died 2007)
- January 27 – Radamés Gnattali, Brazilian composer (died 1988)
- January 31
- Benjamin Frankel, composer (died 1973)
- Roosevelt Sykes, blues musician (died 1983)
- February 1 – Hildegarde, actress and cabaret singer (died 2005)
- February 1 – Pierre Capdevielle, French pianist and composer (died 1969)
- February 5 – Zara Levina, pianist and composer (died 1976)
- February 8 – Artur Balsam, Polish pianist (died 1994)
- February 19 – Grace Williams, Welsh composer (died 1977)
- February 21 – Jeanne Aubert, singer and actress (died 1988)
- March 3 – Barney Bigard, jazz musician (died 1980)
- March 13
- Dave Kaye, British pianist (died 1996)
- Frank Teschemacher, jazz musician (died 1932)
- March 20 – Ozzie Nelson, actor, band leader (died 1975)
- March 25 – Jean Sablon, French singer (died 1994)
- March 27 – Pee Wee Russell, jazz musician (died 1969)
- March 29 – E. Power Biggs, English organist (died 1977)
- April 8 – Raoul Jobin, French-Canadian tenor (died 1974)
- April 9 – Antal Doráti, conductor (died 1988)
- April 18 – Little Brother Montgomery, jazz musician (died 1985)
- May 5 – Maria Caniglia, Italian soprano (died 1979)
- May 17 – Zinka Milanov, Croatian soprano (died 1989)
- May 23 – Lucha Reyes, singer (d. 1944)
- June 1 – Walter Legge, record producer (died 1979)
- June 3 – Josephine Baker, US singer, dancer and toast of Paris (died 1975)
- June 26 – Alberto Rabagliati, Italian singer and actor (died 1974)
- June 28 – Safford Cape, American conductor and musicologist (died 1973)
- July 7 – Anton Karas, Austrian zither player and composer (died 1985)
- July 9 – Elisabeth Lutyens, English composer (died 1983)
- July 19 – Klaus Egge, Norwegian composer (died 1979)
- July 24 – Pierre Fournier, French cellist (died 1986)
- July 25 – Arthur Kreutz, American composer (died 1991)
- July 30 – Ľudovít Rajter, Slovak composer (died 2000)
- August 6 – Cátulo Castillo, Argentine tango composer (died 1975)
- September 1 - Aksel Schiøtz, Danish tenor and later baritone (died 1975)
- September 4 – Alexander Moyzes, Slovak composer and conductor (died 1984)
- September 25 - Alfred Frankenstein, American music critic (died 1981)
- Jaroslav Ježek, Czech composer (died 1942)
- Dmitri Shostakovich, composer (died 1975)
- September 30 – Mireille Hartuch, French singer (died 1996)
- October 9 – Janis Ivanovs, Latvian composer (died 1983)
- October 10 – Paul Creston, (born as Joseph Guttoveggio), American composer (died 1985)
- October 15 – Victoria Spivey, US singer, pianist and composer (died 1976)
- October 22 – Charles Lynch, Irish concert pianist (died 1984)
- October 31 – Louise Talma, composer (died 1996)
- November 3 – Alma Rosé, violinist (died 1944)
- November 9 – Pete Brown, jazz musician (died 1963)
- December 5 - Elisabeth Höngen, German soprano (died 1997)
- December 10 – Harold Adamson, US lyricist (died 1980)
- December 23 - Ross Lee Finney - American composer (died 1997)
- December 25 - Peter Carl Goldmark - Hungarian electronic and recording engineer (died 1997)
- December 26 – Morgan Lewis, songwriter (died 1968)
- December 27 – Oscar Levant, pianist and actor (died 1972)
- Billie Maxwell, country guitarist/vocalist (died 1954)
Deaths
- January 23 – Charles Hunter, ragtime composer (born 1876)
- January 30 – Paul Dresser, US composer (born 1857)
- February 25 – Anton Arensky, composer (born 1861)
- March 22 – Martin Wegelius, composer (born 1846)
- April 25 – John Knowles Paine, organist and composer (born 1839)
- May 9 – Helen Lemmens-Sherrington, operatic soprano (born 1834)
- May 11 – Gottardo Aldighieri, operatic baritone (born 1824)
- May 24 – Heinrich Reimann, organist and composer (born 1850)
- May 30 – Enrique el Mellizo, flamenco singer (born 1848)
- June 7 – Signor Brocolini, opera singer (born 1841)
- July 1 – Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García, singer and music teacher (born 1805)
- July 8 – Ivan Melnikov, operatic baritone (born 1832)
- July 9 – Alfred Stelzner, designer of musical instruments (born 1852)
- July 29 – Alexandre Luigini, composer (born 1850)
- August 26 – Eugen Gura, opera singer (born 1842)
- September 1 – Giuseppe Giacosa, librettist for Giacomo Puccini
- October 18 – Léon Gastinel, composer (born 1823)
- October 23 – Vladimir Stasov, Russian critic (born 1824)
- December 14 – Federico Consolo, violinist and composer (born 1841)
- December 30 – Eugène Goossens, père, conductor (born 1845)
- date unknown
- Léontine de Maësen, operatic soprano (born 1835)
- Nissan Spivak, cantor and composer (born 1824)
References
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 29. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 27. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 27. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 27. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 27. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 29. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 32. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 32. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 27. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 27. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 32. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 32. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 30. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- "Gambuh". Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 28. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
- Burbank, Richard (1984). Twentieth Century Music. New York City, USA: Facts on File Publication, New York City, NY. p. 1029. ISBN 0-87196-464-3.|
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