1280s
The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Events
1280
- June 23 – Reconquista – Battle of Moclín: Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeat those of the Kingdom of Castile, and Kingdom of León.[1]
- September 27 – King Magnus III of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility, by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry-member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.[2]
- Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is begun.[3]
- The final expansion of Lincoln Cathedral in England is completed.[4]
- Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria flees from Tarnovo, ending the Asen Dynasty in Bulgaria.[5]
- Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels, and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.[6]
- The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is completed; it began in 1279.
- Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.[7]
- Approximate date
- The Ancestors of the Māori people from eastern Polynesia become the first human settlers of New Zealand.[8]
- The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins.[9]
1281
By place
Asia
- August 15 – Battle of Kōan (Hakata Bay): The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon – famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind – destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.
- Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
- The Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai falls, as its capital Lamphun (in modern-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai Kingdom.
= Middle East =
- October 29 – Second Battle of Homs: Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria, by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan.
- Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia; in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.
- An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily 10 years earlier.
Europe
- New Pope Martin IV excommunicates Michael VIII Palaiologos, who has newly re-established the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople, and authorizes Charles I of Anjou to make a Crusade against him, but this will be suspended the following year by the outbreak of the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
- July – Niccolò Bonsignori heads a hundred of Ghibelline exiles, in a failed attempt to topple the Sienese government.
By topic
Markets
- Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.[10]
1282
By area
Europe
- March – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Prince of Wales Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, attacks an English castle; his brother feels compelled to support him, despite being unprepared for war. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales, by King Edward I of England.
- March 30 – The Sicilian rebellion, known as the Sicilian Vespers, begins against the rule of Angevin King Charles I of Sicily; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed. The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade, while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV).
- May 15 – Battle of Forlì between Guelphs and Ghibellines: the French army under Jean d'Eppe is defeated, by Guido I da Montefeltro.
- June – The army of Peter III of Aragon lands in North Africa in Collo, to support the rebellious governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. But the uprising has been put down by the Hafsid ruler. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, quickly sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa.[11]
- June 26 – King Denis of Portugal marries Elizabeth of Aragon in Trancoso.
- August 30 – Peter III of Aragon, originally traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against Tunis, ends up in the Sicilian town of Trapani, after he was asked by the inhabitants of Palermo to help in the fight against Charles of Anjou.
- September 4 – Peter III of Aragon becomes King of Sicily.
- September or October – Battle of Lake Hód between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Cumans: King Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeats the invading army.[12]
- December 11 – Battle of Orewin Bridge in mid-Wales: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd is killed, and the Welsh suffer their final decisive defeat at the hands of the English.
- December – Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolf II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg Dynasty in those territories.
- Battle of Vronen: Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians and retrieves the body of his father, some 26 years dead.
- King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill; he gives the throne to his younger brother Stefan Milutin.
- The king of Aragon, Peter III, obtains the support of Nasrid Granada in preparation for the incoming Aragonese Crusade, led by Philip the Fair of France.[13]
By topics
Markets
- The form for the Trial of the Pyx, during which it is confirmed that newly minted coins conform to required standards, is established.
- The first evidence is discovered of the existence of consolidated public debt in Bruges, confirming the expansion of use of annuities, to fund government expenditure to the Low Countries.[14]
Religion
- In England, the Archbishop of Canterbury orders all the synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.
- Construction of Albi Cathedral in Languedoc begins.
1283
By area
Asia
- September 22 – The first Mongol invasion of Burma begins. The fort at Ngasaunggyan is besieged, and falls to the invaders on December 3.
- King Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom creates the Thai alphabet, according to tradition.
- Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer Empire of present-day Cambodia; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
- Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is completed.
- The city of Guiyang is founded, in Yuan Dynasty China.
Europe
- January 2 – Most of Dublin, including St Patrick's Cathedral, is burned in a fire.[16]
- June 1 – Treaty of Rheinfelden: The young Rudolf II, Duke of Austria is forced to yield his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I of Germany.
- July 8 – Battle of Malta at Valletta: An Angevin fleet, sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta, is defeated by the fleet of Roger of Lauria.
- October 3 – Death by hanging, drawing and quartering is first used as a form of capital punishment (for the newly created crime of high treason) by King Edward I of England, in his execution of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last ruler of an independent Wales, at Shrewsbury.
- The first regulated Catalan Courts are reunited by King Peter III of Aragon, for the whole Principality of Catalonia. It becomes one of the first medieval parliaments that bans the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.
- An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia.
- Construction of Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, and Harlech Castle is begun in Wales by King Edward I of England, as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.
- King Philip III of France causes a mass migration of Jews, when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of France.
- Daniel of Moscow unites the west side of Russia, which ends the Kievan Rus' after 301 years, and begins the Grand Duchy of Moscow (the Mongol occupation will end in some areas as late as 1440).
By topic
Arts and culture
- The E. codex of the Cantigas de Santa Maria, a collection of Portuguese musical manuscripts, is dated to between 1280 and 1283.
- The Libro de los juegos, an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile, between 1251 and 1283.
- approx. date – Ramon Llull writes Blanquerna, the first major work of literature written in Catalan, and perhaps the first European novel.[17]
Markets
- The Saxon city of Goslar starts making efforts to redeem its already issued annuities, a sure indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the 13th century crisis.[18]
1284
By area
Africa
- Putting an end to the Bedouin rebellion that had toppled his brother in 1283, Abu Hafs Umar I reconquers Tunis, and reinstalls the Hafsids as the dominating dynasty in Ifriqiya.[19]
- Peter III of Aragon takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid Dynasty, and raids the island of Jerba. The Aragonese massacre the population, and occupy the island.[19]
Asia
- Mamluk sultan of Egypt Al Mansur Qalawun signs a ten-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre; he will violate the truce on various pretexts in 1290.
- The Byzantine city Tralles falls to the Turkish emirate of Menteşe; 20,000 people are led off as slaves.
Europe
- March 3 – The Statute of Rhuddlan extends English law to Wales.[20]
- June 5 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: King Charles II of Naples is captured by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon.
- May 18 – Jönköping in Sweden is granted town privileges.[21]
- August 5–6 – Battle of Meloria: The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa at sea, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.
- September 9 – German warlord Trunda makes a campaign to Karelia to tax Karelians but is defeated by Novgorod and the men from Staraya Ladoga.[22]
- King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia receives Belgrade, Syrmia, and other territories from Hungary, when his son marries the king of Hungary's cousin.
- The Kingdom of Germany imposes a trade embargo on Norway, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine in Norway.[23]
- The German city of Hamburg is destroyed by a fire.
- The events giving rise to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin take place in Lower Saxony.[24]
By topic
Arts and culture
- Construction of Beauvais Cathedral is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.
- Jean de Meun translates Vegetius' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French.
Education
- Peterhouse, the oldest collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge in England, is established by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely.
Markets
- The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years.
1285
By area
Asia
- April 25 – Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in modern-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
- June 14 – Trần Hưng Đạo leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Mongol fleet of the Yuan Dynasty, at Chuong Duong.
- The Mongol Golden Horde, led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga, attacks Hungary a second time.
Europe
- January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland, and fostering a national identity.
- April – Chios is captured by Venetian raiders from its Genoese lords; it is later retaken.
- Easter – The Second Statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
- September 4 – Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France, in a naval battle off Barcelona.
- The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
By topic
Markets
- The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).[26]
- The county of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.[27]
Religion
- April 2 – Pope Honorius IV succeeds Pope Martin IV, to become the 190th pope.
- Council of Blachernae: The Eastern Orthodox Church repudiates the Union with the Roman Catholic Church, declared in the Second Council of Lyon.
1286
By area
Africa
- Abu Zakariya is successful in setting a principality centered on Béjaïa, which becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in Tunis.[28]
Asia
- In the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China.
- Kublai Khan plots a final Mongol invasion of Japan, but aborts the plan due to a lack of necessary resources.
Europe
- March 19 – King Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident, with only Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland's unborn child and 3-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway as heirs; this sets the stage for the First War of Scottish Independence, and the increased influence of England over Scotland.
- King Philip IV of France imposes the gabelle – a tax on salt in the form of a state monopoly – which will become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until 1790.
- Old Prussians resettled in Sambia stage a famous uprising.
- King Rudolph I of Germany declares all Jews to be "serfs of the Treasury", thus negating all their political freedoms.
- The Guelph Republic of Siena allows exiled Ghibelline rebels back into the city.[29]
- The War of the Ass is fought between the Ghisi and Sanudo families, in the Duchy of the Archipelago.
- Earliest reference to the Aldersbach brewery in Lower Bavaria.
By topic
Arts and culture
- March 7 – The Catholicon, a religious Latin dictionary, is completed by John Balbi of Genoa.
1287
By place
Asia
- January 30 – Wareru creates the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in modern-day Lower Burma following collapse of the Pagan Kingdom (crowned April 5).
- c. May 14–July 16 – Kublai Khan personally leads a large force to suppress the rebel prince Nayan in Manchuria.[31]
- December – Battle of Pagan: The Theravada Buddhist Pagan Kingdom (in modern-day Myanmar) falls to the invading armies of the Yuan dynasty.
- Kings Mangrai of the Lanna kingdom and Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom agree to a peace pact, in their region of southeast Asia (modern-day Thailand).
- Mongol Ilkhan Arghun dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe, to negotiate an alliance against the Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.
- Mamluk sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.
Europe
- January 17 – The Treaty of San Agayz is signed. King Alfonso III of Aragon conquers the island of Menorca from the Moors.
- February – South England flood, affecting the Cinque Ports of England: A storm surge destroys the town of Old Winchelsea on Romney Marsh and nearby Broomhill. The course of the nearby River Rother is diverted away from New Romney, which is almost destroyed, ending its role as a port, with the Rother running instead to the sea at Rye, whose prospects as a port are enhanced. A cliff collapses at Hastings, ending its role as a trade harbour, and demolishing part of Hastings Castle. New Winchelsea is established on higher ground.[32]
- June 8 – Rhys ap Maredudd revolts in Wales; the revolt will not be suppressed until 1288.
- December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England.
- In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth largest flood in recorded history, which creates the Zuider Zee inlet and kills over 50,000 people; it also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.
- In England, parts of Norfolk are flooded; the port of Dunwich in Suffolk is further devastated; and in The Fens through the vehemence of the wind and the violence of the sea, the monastery of Spalding and many churches are overthrown and destroyed: "All the whole country in the parts of Holland was for the most part turned into a standing pool so that an intolerable multitude of men, women and children were overwhelmed with the water, especially in the town of Boston, a great part thereof was destroyed."[33]
- King Edward I of England orders the expulsion of Jews from the duchy of Gascony, and confiscates their property.
- The Mongol Golden Horde, led by khan Talabuga and Nogai Khan, attacks Poland for the third time. Lublin, Mazovia, Sandomierz and Sieradz are ravaged by the invaders, who are defeated at Kraków.
- In Aragon, the Uniones, an aristocratic uprising, forces Alfonso III to make concessions to the nobility.[34] In particular, the king grants his barons a bill of rights, known as the Privilegium Generale.[35]
- The Bruntál coat of arms makes its first appearance.
By topic
Arts and culture
- The Altar of St. James in Pistoia Cathedral, Italy – a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver – is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.
Economics
- The Italian city of Siena exacts a forced loan on its taxpayers for the first time, a common feature of medieval public finance.[36]
1288
By area
Asia
- April – Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt (Vietnamese) general Trần Hưng Đạo sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol army of the Yuan Dynasty, by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay.
- The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins.
- Japan: Prince Subaru conquers the provinces of Gunma and Tochigi.
- Li Ting leads troops and portable cannon of Kublai Khan against the rebel prince Nayan, at Banlachengzi in Manchuria.[37]
Europe
- January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in Wales is recaptured by English forces, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end.
- June 5 – Battle of Worringen: John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages, thus winning possession of the Duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
- August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.
- The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.
By topic
Arts and culture
- The oldest surviving bell, in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, is built.
- Work is begun on the construction of Mob Quad in Merton College, Oxford.
Markets
- June 16 – The bishop of Västerås buys 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden.
- The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.[38]
Technology
- The oldest known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District, that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan in 1287–1288.
1289
By place
America
- The 5,453 metres (17,890 ft) high volcano Popocatépetl is first ascended by members of the Tecuanipas tribe, in present-day Mexico.
Africa
- April 27 – Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli (in present-day Lebanon) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the Crusader State.
Europe
- June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight; the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence.
- Construction of Conwy Castle, ordered by King Edward I of England, is completed in Wales.
- Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou in France.
- Construction of the Belaya Vezha tower in Belarus is completed.
By topic
Education
- Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.
Markets
- In Siena, twenty three partners, including five members of the Bonsignori family, re-create the Gran Tavola, formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager, Orlando Bonsignori, in 1273.[39]
Significant people
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- History of Yuan.
- Munro, John H. (2003). "The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution". The International History Review. 15 (3): 506–562.
- Bowsky, William (1981). A medieval Italian commune: Siena under the Nine, 1287-1355. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04256-5.
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